Refusing To Marry After A 4 Years Long Live-In Relationship, Not A Cognizable Offense:-Allahabad HC

The Allahabad High Court, in a recent hearing, has held that refusing to marry after a consensual live-in relationship which spanned over a period of four years shall not amount to cognizable offence, including rape. The decision passed in the case of Km. Neha @ Neha Anuragi v. State of U.P. and Another (Criminal Revision No. 4743 of 2024), helps clarify an often-contested issue regarding the promise of marriage as well as criminal liability.

Background of the Case

A woman, challenged the order of the Additional District and Sessions Judge, Mahoba, passed on the 17th August 2024, where her complaint against her live-in partner was dismissed. She filed that the man refused to her after years of cohabitation which shall amount to deception and rape.

Observation by the Court

1. Justice Arun Kumar Singh Deshwal, who presided over the case, pointed out that when two able-minded adults voluntarily live together for several years, the law shall presume such an act to be consensual. The Court emphasised that such long-term cohabitation would reflect the conscious choice of the couple as well as their mutual agreement.
2. The Court noted:-“If two able-minded adults reside together as a live-in couple for more than a couple of years and cohabit with each other, a presumption would arise that they voluntarily chose that kind of a relationship fully aware of its consequences.”

Submissions by the Parties

Counsel for the opposite party, the male partner, told the court that- 

• The relationship between the couple was consensual as well as was known publicly, including their colleagues as well as the officials at their workplace in the Tehsil.
• At the initial stage, the parties were inclined towards marriage, however later  with passing time, their disagreements led to withdrawal of the decision to marry.
• The woman approached the administrative officers regarding her grievances, however the parties later settled their dispute amicably.

While the representatives of the woman challenged the earlier dismissal, challenging that the refusal to marry after so many years of cohabitation shall amount to an offence.

Decision of the Court-

1. After reviewing the facts of the case, the High Court decided that no cognisable offence could be recognised against the man. The Court affirmed that consensual long-term live-in relationships, even those which end without marriage, could not automatically be equated to rape on the basis of an unfulfilled marriage promise.
2. An important distinction has been clarified in the judgement explaining the distinctions between cases where false promises of marriage are used to obtain a consent to establish sexual relationships, and such cases where the adults willingly agree to a prolonged live-in arrangement but get separated later on. Its only in the former cases, where the consent is gained by using the methods of deception, and a criminal liability arises. 

Cases with a “Promise of Marriage”- 

Courts in India have dealt with various such cases where rapes were alleged on the basis of a failed promise of marriage. The ruling by the Allahabad High Court  ruling has narrowed down the scope of these claims, thereby providing that not every breakdown of a relationship would lead to criminal prosecution.

Conclusion

The judgment provided in the case of Km. Neha @ Neha Anuragi v. State of U.P. and Another points out the legal position of the court that consensual live-in relationships, even in case they do not result in marriage, shall not be criminalised merely on the ground that one of the partners later refused to marry. By  differentiating between genuine deception and consensual cohabitation, the Court in the present case has provided a much-needed clarity to an area dealing with misuse as well as  conflicting interpretations.

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